Chemical practical activities refer to those carried out by teachers and students with a specific pedagogical objective in mind, involving the formulation of plans and the utilization of chemical reagents, instruments, equipment, and setups as material means to gather facts and evidence, which are then analyzed and used to solve problems. These activities facilitate active acquisition of chemical knowledge by students, enable them to recognize and resolve chemical issues, foster emotional connections with chemistry, teach fundamental methods of scientific inquiry, and establish preliminary capabilities in scientific exploration and practice. The requirements for equipping a junior high school chemistry laboratory encompass several categories of basic materials and instruments:
Laboratory Basics:
These include safety protection items, environmental protection equipment, electrical appliances, organizational tools, common tools, measuring instruments, stands, glassware for measurement, heatable glassware, containers, general glassware, supplementary materials, and chemical reagents.
Safety Protection Items:
These are designed to prevent physical harm and include emergency equipment such as eyewash stations, fire blankets, and emergency showers. Emphasis is placed on developing habits like wearing goggles and lab coats during experiments, thereby cultivating a safety-conscious mindset. Typically included are hazardous chemical storage cabinets, emergency showers, eyewash stations, first aid kits, lab coats, safety goggles, face shields, respirators, acid-resistant gloves, etc.
Environmental Protection Equipment:
These are used for handling inorganic waste from laboratories, demonstrating waste disposal methods in teaching, and recycling chemical waste. Students learn about the main components of laboratory waste, basic principles and methods of waste treatment, and develop the habit of collecting waste without随意倾倒, promoting environmental awareness. Commonly found are wastewater treatment devices for chemistry labs, waste liquid classification回收bins, etc.
Electrical Appliances:
These are employed for separating precipitates from solutions, heating, preparing distilled water, drying test tubes and beakers, and providing electricity for experiments. Equipment includes electric centrifuges, electric heaters, distillation apparatus, tubular dryers, drying ovens, student power supplies, teacher power supplies, etc.
Organizational Tools:
These are used for storing instruments and reagents, including instrument carts, reagent bottle trays, and experiment supply baskets.
Common Tools:
Used for processing experimental materials, repairing equipment, creating teaching aids, punching rubber stoppers, etc., they typically consist of flathead screwdrivers, Phillips screwdrivers, pliers, hammers, triangular files, scissors, bottle stoppers, openers, glass tube cutters, hole punches, clamping boards, scraper knives, electric drills, etc.
Measuring Instruments:
For measuring the mass of solids and liquids, temperature, electrical parameters such as current, voltage, and resistance in circuits, and determining the pH of solutions. Equipment includes electronic balances, alcohol thermometers, mercury thermometers, digital thermometers, multimeters, pH meters, etc.
Stands:
Support containers during heating, crucibles for heating, hold test tubes, funnels, fix instruments, etc. Typically, these include teaching stands, tripods, clay triangles, test tube racks, funnel holders, titration stands, titration clips, multi-purpose pipette stands, etc.
Measuring Glassware:
For measuring liquid volume, preparing solutions of specific molar concentrations, and holding titration reagents. Examples are measuring cylinders (10mL, 25mL, 50mL, 100mL, 500mL), volumetric flasks (250mL, 500mL), burettes (acidic with stopper, 25 mL; alkaline without stopper, 25 mL; piston type with PTFE material, 25 mL), etc.
General Glassware:
For heating, keeping materials dry, reacting solid and liquid to produce gas, adding liquids, separating solid-liquid mixtures, injecting liquids into gas-producing devices, and serving as liquid seals in gas production experiments. This category includes various types of glassware utilized in chemical experiments.
Chemical Reagents:
Include aluminum sheets, strips, foil, zinc plates (flowers), granules, iron powder, wire, red copper sheets, wires, activated carbon, iodine, red (scarlet) phosphorus, sulfur powder, magnesium strips, white (yellow) phosphorus, sodium, manganese dioxide, ferric oxide, copper oxide, calcium oxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium chloride, etc.
Chemistry, being an experiment-based discipline, places increased emphasis under the new curriculum on nurturing students' observational skills, laboratory skills, and investigative abilities. To align with the development of quality-oriented education and enhance the level of educational technology equipment, the construction of chemistry laboratories must adhere to more standardized and regulated practices.
